Shoulder pain and stiffness can make reaching overhead or fastening a seatbelt difficult. Known as frozen shoulder, this condition develops gradually and can severely limit the range of motion. Most common in adults between 40 and 60, particularly women or those recovering from injury or surgery, frozen shoulder can improve with proper care, including physical therapy focused on restoring flexibility and movement.

What Is Frozen Shoulder?

Also called adhesive capsulitis, frozen shoulder affects the shoulder’s ball-and-socket joint, where the upper arm bone (humerus) fits into a shallow socket in the shoulder blade (scapula). The joint is surrounded by strong connective tissue called the shoulder capsule, which helps hold it in place. In frozen shoulder, this capsule thickens and tightens, forming stiff bands of tissue called adhesions. The result is less joint lubrication and restricted movement. The condition develops in three stages: freezing, frozen and thawing, with each stage marked by varying levels of pain and stiffness.

What Causes Frozen Shoulder Syndrome?

The exact cause of frozen shoulder is not fully understood and does not appear to be linked to whether the affected arm is dominant or a person’s occupation. However, several factors can increase the risk. The condition is more common in people with diabetes, who may experience more severe and longer-lasting stiffness. Other health conditions, such as menopause, thyroid disorders, Parkinson’s disease and heart disease, have also been linked to frozen shoulder. Additionally, the condition can develop after a period of immobilization following surgery, fracture or injury when shoulder movement is limited.

What Are the Treatment Options for Frozen Shoulder?

Diagnosis begins with a physical exam and review of your medical history. Your doctor will assess your shoulder’s movement by comparing how far it moves on its own (active motion) versus when it is assisted (passive motion). People with frozen shoulder typically have limited range in both. Imaging tests, such as X-rays or MRIs, may be used to rule out other conditions.

Treatment focuses on reducing pain and improving motion. Nonsurgical options include physical therapy, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroid injections. Gentle stretching and heat therapy can also help loosen the shoulder. Hydrodilatation may be used to expand and stretch the joint capsule for persistent symptoms.

If stiffness and pain continue despite these treatments, surgery to release the tight capsule, such as manipulation under anesthesia or arthroscopy, may be recommended. Early diagnosis and treatment can improve recovery and restore shoulder movement.

In Conclusion

Recovery from frozen shoulder takes time and patience. While many people regain strength and motion within a few months, full recovery can take up to several years. Consistent physical therapy, especially after surgery, is essential to maintain progress and prevent stiffness from returning. Long-term outcomes are usually good, with reduced pain and improved mobility, although some people, particularly those with diabetes, may continue to experience limited movement.

To help prevent frozen shoulder, stay active, perform gentle range-of-motion exercises and avoid keeping the shoulder immobilized for long periods after an injury or surgery. Most people recover well and return to normal activities with proper care and persistence. If shoulder pain or stiffness persists, consult your healthcare provider for evaluation and guidance.